Retender radar: UK public contracts ending soon
Public contracts with a published end date ahead, with the buyer, the incumbent and the value. An end date can signal a new tender; it does not promise one.
Contracts ending in the next 24 months
Showing 18,751–18,800
- Ends · in 526 days
CNC Lathe
University of Sussex · Education · North East England, North West England, Yorkshire and the Humber, East Midlands, West Midlands, East of England
Incumbent: Hurco Europe Ltd
- Published value
- £103k
- Annual run-rate
- £51kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 26 Mar 2026 → 26 Mar 2028 · 2 yrs
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-0674e3
- Ends · in 526 days
DDaT2622 - Learning Platform
UK Research & Innovation (UKRI) · Central government · Nationwide (UK)
Incumbent: BuildEmpire Ltd
- Published value
- £88k
- Annual run-rate
- £44kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 27 Mar 2026 → 26 Mar 2028 · 1.9 yrs
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-067d3d
- Ends · in 526 days
Checkpoint Enterprise Support
BRIDGEWATER COMMUNITY HEALTHCARE NHS FOUNDATION TRUST · NHS & health · North West England
Incumbent: Intercity Technology Limited
- Published value
- £51k
- Annual run-rate
- £17kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 27 Feb 2025 → 26 Mar 2028 · 3 yrs
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-04ed7f
- Ends · in 526 days
Hardware Maintenance HPE
Somerset Council · Local authority · South West England
Incumbent: CENTERPRISE INTERNATIONAL LIMITED
- Published value
- £33k
- Annual run-rate
- £16kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 23 Mar 2026 → 26 Mar 2028 · 2 yrs
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-069de0
- Ends · in 526 days
DDaT25134 - Sophos Licences
UK Research & Innovation (UKRI) · Central government · Nationwide (UK)
Incumbent: CYBERLAB CONSULTING LTD
- Published value
- £17k
- Annual run-rate
- £6kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 27 Mar 2025 → 26 Mar 2028 · 2.9 yrs
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-04fb4a
- Ends · in 527 days
Scarborough Park & Ride
The North Yorkshire Council · Local authority · North East England, Yorkshire and the Humber
Incumbent: East Yorkshire Motor Services Limited
- Published value
- £1.2m
- Annual run-rate
- —start date not published
- Term
- Ends 27 Mar 2028 · start not published
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-03dd52
- Ends · in 527 days
Scarborough Park & Ride
The North Yorkshire Council · Local authority · North East England, Yorkshire and the Humber
Incumbent: East Yorkshire Motor Services Limited
- Published value
- £1.2m
- Annual run-rate
- —start date not published
- Term
- Ends 27 Mar 2028 · start not published
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-03dd52
- Ends · in 527 days
Scarborough Park & Ride
The North Yorkshire Council · Local authority · North East England, Yorkshire and the Humber
Incumbent: East Yorkshire Motor Services Limited
- Published value
- £1.2m
- Annual run-rate
- —start date not published
- Term
- Ends 27 Mar 2028 · start not published
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-03dd52
- Ends · in 527 days
TD2357 - Council House Refurbishment of two existing passenger lifts (2 & 3)
Derby City Council · Local authority · East Midlands
Incumbent: Concept Elevators (UK) Ltd
- Published value
- £181k
- Annual run-rate
- £109kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 1 Aug 2026 → 27 Mar 2028 · 1.6 yrs
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-0684d4
- Ends · in 527 daysExtension option
SPF0050
The North Yorkshire Council · Local authority · Yorkshire and the Humber
Incumbent: Freedom Transport Solutions Ltd
- Published value
- £87k
- Annual run-rate
- £43kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 27 Mar 2026 → 27 Mar 2028 · 2 yrs
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-0676f0
- Ends · in 527 days
C461962 - W148888 - Waiver for the Supply of Fresenius Spare Parts
Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust · Central government
Incumbent: Fresenius Medical Care (UK) Limited
- Published value
- £75k
- Annual run-rate
- £38kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 28 Mar 2026 → 27 Mar 2028 · 1.9 yrs
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-06e14f
- Ends · in 527 days
CCMA26A01-The Provision of Stock Images (Renewal)
Government Commercial Agency · Central government · Nationwide (UK)
Incumbent: Getty Images UK Ltd
- Published value
- £30k
- Annual run-rate
- £15kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 28 Mar 2026 → 27 Mar 2028 · 1.9 yrs
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-0682e7
- Ends · in 528 days
CONSTRUCTION PROJECT AT NEWHILL BELFAST
RADIUS HOMES LIMITED · Other public body · Northern Ireland
Incumbent: M.J. MCBRIDE CONSTRUCTION LTD
- Published value
- £5.4m
- Annual run-rate
- £2.7mpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 31 Mar 2026 → 28 Mar 2028 · 1.9 yrs
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-056502
- Ends · in 528 days
Truro Park and Ride Service
Cornwall Council · Local authority · South West England
Incumbent: Plymouth Citybus
- Published value
- £2.9m
- Annual run-rate
- £1.4mpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 15 Feb 2026 → 28 Mar 2028 · 2.1 yrs
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-060376
- Ends · in 528 daysExtension option · up to 28 Mar 2029
Healthcare Rostering Software Solution
DERBYSHIRE HEALTHCARE NHS FOUNDATION TRUST · Central government · North East England, North West England, Yorkshire and the Humber, East Midlands, West Midlands, East of England
Incumbent: ALLOCATE SOFTWARE LTD
- Published value
- £598k
- Annual run-rate
- £299kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 29 Mar 2026 → 28 Mar 2028 · 1.9 yrs · up to 28 Mar 2029 with extensions
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-06b094
- Ends · in 528 daysExtension option
Provision of OEM Service and Maintenance Contract
National Oceanography Centre · Other public body · South East England
Incumbent: GEOTEK LIMITED
- Published value
- £88kinc. VAT as published
- Annual run-rate
- £44kpublished value ÷ term, inc. VAT
- Term
- 28 Mar 2026 → 28 Mar 2028 · 2 yrs
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-06802e
- Ends · in 528 days
Shared cost AVC admin support
Somerset Council · Local authority · South West England
Incumbent: AVC Wise Ltd
- Published value
- £72k
- Annual run-rate
- £24kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 28 Mar 2025 → 28 Mar 2028 · 3 yrs
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-0674bf
- Ends · in 528 days
TD2358 - Museum & Art Gallery Refurbishment of the existing passenger lift
Derby City Council · Local authority · East Midlands
Incumbent: MORRIS VERMAPORT LIMITED
- Published value
- £64k
- Annual run-rate
- £43kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 5 Oct 2026 → 28 Mar 2028 · 1.4 yrs
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-0684d1
- Ends · in 528 days
Mycelia subscription
London Borough of Bexley · Local authority · North East England, North West England, Yorkshire and the Humber, East Midlands, West Midlands, East of England
Incumbent: VERNA EARTH SOLUTIONS LTD
- Published value
- £22k
- Annual run-rate
- £11kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 29 Mar 2026 → 28 Mar 2028 · 1.9 yrs
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-065fdd
- Ends · in 528 days
Hire of Slow Speed Shredder
Cheshire East Borough Council · Local authority · Nationwide (UK)
Incumbent: CRJ Services Ltd
- Published value
- Not published
- Annual run-rate
- —value not published
- Term
- Ends 28 Mar 2028 · start not published
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-03a621
- Ends · in 529 days
Works Contract for Social Housing Scheme at Main Street Claudy
Woven Housing Association Ltd · Housing · Northern Ireland
Incumbent: P K MCKAIGUE LTD
- Published value
- £6.2m
- Annual run-rate
- £3.1mpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 30 Mar 2026 → 29 Mar 2028 · 1.9 yrs
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-05ecd5
- Ends · in 529 daysExtension option · up to 30 Mar 2031Buyer plans to re-tender 1 Jan 2031Panel · 2 suppliers
TD2280 - Management and Processing of Food Waste
Derby City Council · Local authority · East Midlands
Panel: SEVERN TRENT GREEN POWER GROUP LIMITED, Severn Trent Green Power Limited
- Published value
- £750k
- Annual run-rate
- —panel, not one supplier
- Term
- 30 Mar 2026 → 29 Mar 2028 · 1.9 yrs · up to 30 Mar 2031 with extensions
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-05a7dd
- Ends · in 529 daysExtension option · up to 29 Mar 2029
Waking watch Services
Salix Homes Limited · Charity · North East England, North West England, Yorkshire and the Humber, East Midlands, West Midlands, East of England
Incumbent: EMFS Group
- Published value
- £205kinc. VAT as published
- Annual run-rate
- £102kpublished value ÷ term, inc. VAT
- Term
- 30 Mar 2026 → 29 Mar 2028 · 1.9 yrs · up to 29 Mar 2029 with extensions
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-0678ac
- Ends · in 529 daysExtension option · up to 29 Mar 2029
Supply and deliver Ski Matting to Craigavon Golf and Ski Centre
Armagh, Banbridge & Craigavon Borough Council · Local authority
Incumbent: Skitech Systems Ltd
- Published value
- £192kinc. VAT as published
- Annual run-rate
- £96kpublished value ÷ term, inc. VAT
- Term
- 30 Mar 2026 → 29 Mar 2028 · 1.9 yrs · up to 29 Mar 2029 with extensions
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-06612a
- Ends · in 529 daysExtension option · up to 29 Mar 2029
Building and Property Advisory Services
BANK OF ENGLAND · Central government · Nationwide (UK)
Incumbent: SCOTT BOYENS STUDIO LIMITED
- Published value
- £173k
- Annual run-rate
- £86kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 30 Mar 2026 → 29 Mar 2028 · 1.9 yrs · up to 29 Mar 2029 with extensions
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-068e29
- Ends · in 529 daysExtension option · up to 29 Mar 2030
SSHA722
The North Yorkshire Council · Local authority · Yorkshire and the Humber
Incumbent: Aireside Private Hire
- Published value
- £109k
- Annual run-rate
- £59kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 26 May 2026 → 29 Mar 2028 · 1.8 yrs · up to 29 Mar 2030 with extensions
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-06af9b
- Ends · in 529 daysExtension option · up to 29 Mar 2030
SSHA717
The North Yorkshire Council · Local authority · Yorkshire and the Humber
Incumbent: Mainline Taxis Association
- Published value
- £106k
- Annual run-rate
- £54kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 13 Apr 2026 → 29 Mar 2028 · 1.9 yrs · up to 29 Mar 2030 with extensions
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-06989e
- Ends · in 529 daysExtension option · up to 29 Mar 2030
SSHA642
The North Yorkshire Council · Local authority · Yorkshire and the Humber
Incumbent: Blue Line Cars Ltd
- Published value
- £57k
- Annual run-rate
- £29kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 30 Mar 2026 → 29 Mar 2028 · 1.9 yrs · up to 29 Mar 2030 with extensions
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-067e1a
- Ends · in 529 daysExtension option · up to 29 Mar 2029
Provision of FCR Interfaces
The Police, Fire and Crime Commissioner for Northamptonshire · Police & fire · East Midlands
Incumbent: NDI Technologies
- Published value
- £47k
- Annual run-rate
- £24kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 30 Mar 2026 → 29 Mar 2028 · 1.9 yrs · up to 29 Mar 2029 with extensions
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-067d27
- Ends · in 529 daysExtension option · up to 29 Mar 2030
SSHA588
The North Yorkshire Council · Local authority · Yorkshire and the Humber
Incumbent: BLUELINE CARS LIMITED
- Published value
- £43k
- Annual run-rate
- £21kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 30 Mar 2026 → 29 Mar 2028 · 1.9 yrs · up to 29 Mar 2030 with extensions
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-068025
- Ends · in 529 daysExtension option · up to 29 Mar 2030
SSHA716
The North Yorkshire Council · Local authority · Yorkshire and the Humber
Incumbent: Andrew Anderson's Taxi
- Published value
- £42k
- Annual run-rate
- £21kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 31 Mar 2026 → 29 Mar 2028 · 1.9 yrs · up to 29 Mar 2030 with extensions
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-068c8c
- Ends · in 529 daysExtension option · up to 29 Mar 2030
SSHA712
The North Yorkshire Council · Local authority · Yorkshire and the Humber
Incumbent: Aire Valley Private Hire LTD
- Published value
- £41k
- Annual run-rate
- £18kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 16 Jan 2026 → 29 Mar 2028 · 2.2 yrs · up to 29 Mar 2030 with extensions
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-06989d
- Ends · in 529 daysExtension option · up to 28 Feb 2030
Provision of Commercial Property Agent
The Police, Fire and Crime Commissioner for Northamptonshire · Police & fire · East Midlands
Incumbent: Hadland Chartered Surveyors
- Published value
- £33k
- Annual run-rate
- £16kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 1 Mar 2026 → 29 Mar 2028 · 2 yrs · up to 28 Feb 2030 with extensions
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-0664ef
- Ends · in 529 daysExtension option · up to 29 Mar 2029
Caravan Park - Rent Review
East Suffolk Council · Local authority · East of England
Incumbent: Colliers International Property Advisers UK LLP
- Published value
- £25k
- Annual run-rate
- £12kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 30 Mar 2026 → 29 Mar 2028 · 1.9 yrs · up to 29 Mar 2029 with extensions
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-068af7
- Ends · in 529 days
Broomfield - Moor instrustments -EWE-MOORLDLS - 3 years maintenance
Mid and South Essex NHS Foundation Trust · Central government
Incumbent: Moor Instruments Ltd
- Published value
- £22k
- Annual run-rate
- £7kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 30 Mar 2025 → 29 Mar 2028 · 2.9 yrs
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-052c30
- Ends · in 529 days
TryHackMe Subscription
HM Land Registry · Central government · North East England, North West England, Yorkshire and the Humber, East Midlands, West Midlands, East of England
Incumbent: TryHackMe Ltd
- Published value
- £16k
- Annual run-rate
- £8kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 30 Mar 2026 → 29 Mar 2028 · 1.9 yrs
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-067d9b
- Ends · in 529 daysExtension option
SSHA700
The North Yorkshire Council · Local authority
Incumbent: Bens Apple Cars Ltd T/A Metro Go
- Published value
- £78k
- Annual run-rate
- £33kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 23 Nov 2025 → 30 Mar 2028 · 2.3 yrs
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-05e54c
- Ends · in 530 daysFramework recordExtension option · up to 30 Mar 2030Panel · 22 suppliers
Environmental Decontamination 2026
SUPPLY CHAIN COORDINATION LIMITED · Other public body · Nationwide (UK)
Panel: ARCHITECTURAL WALLSZ (INTERNATIONAL) LIMITED, Air Sentry Limited, Airbon Ltd +19 more
- Published value
- £78bnpublished ceiling for the whole framework
- Annual run-rate
- —panel, not one supplier
- Term
- 30 Mar 2026 → 30 Mar 2028 · 2 yrs · up to 30 Mar 2030 with extensions
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-051933
- Ends · in 530 days
Extension of the Life in the UK Test Contract with PSI Services (UK) Ltd
Home Office · Central government · Nationwide (UK)
Incumbent: PSI Services (UK) Ltd
- Published value
- £28m
- Annual run-rate
- £9.4mpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 1 Apr 2025 → 30 Mar 2028 · 2.9 yrs
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-07833f
- Ends · in 530 days
Life in the UK Test Preparation Materials
Home Office · Central government · Nationwide (UK)
Incumbent: The Stationery Office
- Published value
- £7.6m
- Annual run-rate
- £771kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 22 May 2018 → 30 Mar 2028 · 9.8 yrs
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-07868e
- Ends · in 530 days
Children's Residential Placement ID 390089
Darlington Borough Council · Local authority · North East England
Incumbent: Brighter Horizon Home Ltd
- Published value
- £3.3m
- Annual run-rate
- £1.3mpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 13 Oct 2025 → 30 Mar 2028 · 2.4 yrs
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-05a5b5
- Ends · in 530 days
East of England Crisis Text Support Service
NHS Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Integrated Care Board · NHS & health · East of England
Incumbent: NXG Enterprises
- Published value
- £2.1m
- Annual run-rate
- —start date not published
- Term
- Ends 30 Mar 2028 · start not published
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-059933
- Ends · in 530 days
High Value Commercial Buildings Insurance
London Borough of Sutton · Local authority · Greater London
Incumbent: Chubb European Group SE
- Published value
- £1.7m
- Annual run-rate
- £581kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 1 Apr 2025 → 30 Mar 2028 · 2.9 yrs
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-04efa3
- Ends · in 530 days
Provision of Autonomous Underwater Glider Platforms
National Oceanography Centre · Other public body · South East England
Incumbent: Teledyne Instruments Inc. d/b/a Teledyne Webb Research
- Published value
- US$1,005,848
- Annual run-rate
- —not a GBP value
- Term
- 31 Mar 2026 → 30 Mar 2028 · 1.9 yrs
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-065b32
- Ends · in 530 daysExtension option · up to 31 Mar 2031Buyer plans to re-tender 1 Nov 2030
Specialist Family & Carer Support Service
Stockton on Tees Borough Council · Local authority · North East England
Incumbent: Bridges Tees Valley [CIO]
- Published value
- £770k
- Annual run-rate
- £385kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 1 Apr 2026 → 30 Mar 2028 · 1.9 yrs · up to 31 Mar 2031 with extensions
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-058503
- Ends · in 530 daysExtension option · up to 30 Mar 2030
Lot 2: Public Perception Surveying
Police and Crime Commissioner for West Midlands · Police & fire · North East England, North West England, Yorkshire and the Humber, East Midlands, West Midlands, East of England
Incumbent: MEL Research Ltd
- Published value
- £488k
- Annual run-rate
- £244kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 1 Apr 2026 → 30 Mar 2028 · 1.9 yrs · up to 30 Mar 2030 with extensions
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-059ce2
- Ends · in 530 days
Maintenance of Thermal Cyclers
NHS Blood and Transplant · NHS & health · Nationwide (UK)
Incumbent: Pendragon Scientific Ltd
- Published value
- £286k
- Annual run-rate
- —start date not published
- Term
- Ends 30 Mar 2028 · start not published
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-039394
- Ends · in 530 days
The Provision of Driver Offender Retraining Services in Northamptonshire
The Police, Fire and Crime Commissioner for Northamptonshire · Police & fire
Incumbent: TTC 2000 Limited
- Published value
- £250kinc. VAT as published
- Annual run-rate
- £125kpublished value ÷ term, inc. VAT
- Term
- 1 Apr 2026 → 30 Mar 2028 · 1.9 yrs
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-067ba5
- Ends · in 530 days
Lumina Village – Voids Management
LATIMER DEVELOPMENTS LTD · Other public body · Nationwide (UK)
Incumbent: Recom Solutions Ltd
- Published value
- £198kinc. VAT as published
- Annual run-rate
- £120kpublished value ÷ term, inc. VAT
- Term
- 7 Aug 2026 → 30 Mar 2028 · 1.6 yrs
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-07806f
- Ends · in 530 daysExtension option · up to 30 Mar 2029
Period Product Subscription Service
Pembrokeshire County Council · Local authority · Wales (Cymru)
Incumbent: Eco Hygiene
- Published value
- £180k
- Annual run-rate
- £90kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 1 Apr 2026 → 30 Mar 2028 · 1.9 yrs · up to 30 Mar 2029 with extensions
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-05dcbd
When contracts end i
When contracts here run out.
Published contracts by their end date. No end date, not counted.
An end date does not confirm a new procurement.
i
When contracts here run out.
Published contracts by their end date. No end date, not counted.
An end date does not confirm a new procurement.
25,282 commercial units end within 24 months, 37,150 in total · £35bn published GBP values end in the next 24 months, exc. VAT; vehicle-linked values, concession values and other ceiling-like amounts are excluded, so this is not a spend forecast.
By sector, next 24 months i
When contracts here run out.
Published contracts by their end date. No end date, not counted.
An end date does not confirm a new procurement.
i
When contracts here run out.
Published contracts by their end date. No end date, not counted.
An end date does not confirm a new procurement.
CPV division of the procedure; a contract with several divisions counts in each.
85Health and social work services1,33960Transport services (except waste transport)1,14933Medical equipments, pharmaceuticals42880Education and training services30690Sewage, refuse, cleaning and environmental26879Business services: law, marketing, consulting26466Financial and insurance services20972IT services: consulting, software, internet209
How to read the radar
- End date is the contract period end the buyer published on the notice. Contracts without an end date are not on the radar; neither are contracts the buyer cancelled or terminated early.
- Extension option means the notice publishes a renewal or option clause; the buyer may extend. Hiding these rows shows contracts without a published option, but does not establish that the buyer will procure them again.
- Incumbent is the supplier named on the award behind the contract. A panel (several suppliers on one award) is shown as a panel; no single incumbent is invented.
- Annual run-rate = published GBP value ÷ published term for a single supplier and a term of six months or more. Vehicle-linked values have no run-rate until their commercial role is verified. The annual sort ranks comparable values excluding VAT first; gross-only values remain visible on their rows. This is not actual annual spend.
- Counts are exact for the time-horizon and sector filters. A parent framework or DPS counts once; call-offs published by other buyers count separately. Where the parent cannot be identified, agreements stay separate and are marked as vehicle-linked; check the source notice before treating their date or value as a single contract fact. With other filters, a result above 1,000 units shows as “1,000+”.
- Source. Official UK procurement notices, reused under the Open Government Licence v3.0; the radar is rebuilt nightly. How we count: methodology.