Retender radar: UK public contracts ending soon
Public contracts with a published end date ahead, with the buyer, the incumbent and the value. An end date can signal a new tender; it does not promise one.
Contracts ending in the all future end dates
Showing 28,401–28,450
- Ends · in 895 days
Bilston Health & Wellbeing Facility Architect and Lead Designer Services (RIBA Stages 4 - 7 and Stage 3 review and validation)
Wolverhampton City Council · Local authority · West Midlands
Incumbent: Day Architectural Limited
- Published value
- £75k
- Annual run-rate
- £25kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 31 Mar 2026 → 31 Mar 2029 · 3 yrs
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-06979a
- Ends · in 895 days
003671 - CORAM BAAF Electronic Licences for Fostering Service
Durham County Council · Local authority · North East England
Incumbent: CORAM ACADEMY LIMITED
- Published value
- £75k
- Annual run-rate
- £25kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 1 Apr 2026 → 31 Mar 2029 · 2.9 yrs
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-06b092
- Ends · in 895 days
Child Vision Screen Programme
North Tyneside Borough Council · Local authority · North East England
Incumbent: The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
- Published value
- £74k
- Annual run-rate
- £25kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 1 May 2026 → 31 Mar 2029 · 2.9 yrs
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-067e09
- Ends · in 895 daysFramework recordExtension option · up to 31 Mar 2030
Framework for Specialist Planning Advice: Ecology (Hampshire area of the South Downs National Park)
South Downs National Park Authority · Other public body · South East England
Incumbent: SWT Ecology Services Ltd
- Published value
- £73klargest agreement; total ceiling not published
- Annual run-rate
- —vehicle-linked value, not a run-rate
- Term
- 1 Apr 2026 → 31 Mar 2029 · 2.9 yrs · up to 31 Mar 2030 with extensions
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-05e748
- Ends · in 895 daysFramework recordExtension option · up to 31 Mar 2030
Framework for Specialist Planning Advice: Landscape (Hampshire area of the South Downs National Park)
South Downs National Park Authority · Other public body · South East England
Incumbent: Pell Frischmann Consultants Ltd
- Published value
- £73klargest agreement; total ceiling not published
- Annual run-rate
- —vehicle-linked value, not a run-rate
- Term
- 7 Apr 2026 → 31 Mar 2029 · 2.9 yrs · up to 31 Mar 2030 with extensions
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-05e76e
- Ends · in 895 days
Replacement pontoon floats at Burry Port Harbour
Carmarthenshire County Council · Local authority · Wales (Cymru)
Incumbent: Solent Marine Ltd
- Published value
- £73k
- Annual run-rate
- £24kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 16 Mar 2026 → 31 Mar 2029 · 3 yrs
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-066726
- Ends · in 895 days
Security Data Print
South Kesteven District Council · Local authority · East Midlands
Incumbent: Security Data Print (Dundore)
- Published value
- £72k
- Annual run-rate
- £23kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 1 Mar 2026 → 31 Mar 2029 · 3 yrs
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-0603ea
- Ends · in 895 days
Maintenance of Fresenius Kabi CATSmart systems
Nottingham University Hospital NHS Trust · Central government · East Midlands
Incumbent: Fresenius Kabi Limited
- Published value
- £72k
- Annual run-rate
- £26kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 4 Jun 2026 → 31 Mar 2029 · 2.8 yrs
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-0690e9
- Ends · in 895 daysExtension option · up to 31 Mar 2031
Provision of a Research Digital Facilities Management System
University of Exeter · Central government · Nationwide (UK)
Incumbent: Innaxys Ltd
- Published value
- £72k
- Annual run-rate
- £24kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 1 Apr 2026 → 31 Mar 2029 · 2.9 yrs · up to 31 Mar 2031 with extensions
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-05f056
- Ends · in 895 days
Bönningstedt Promenade Forecourt
Seaford Town Council · Local authority · North East England, North West England, Yorkshire and the Humber, East Midlands, West Midlands, East of England
Incumbent: Carnival Ices
- Published value
- £71k
- Annual run-rate
- —start date not published
- Term
- Ends 31 Mar 2029 · start not published
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-06142b
- Ends · in 895 days
PA23 UK7 SUPPLY, INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE OF CCTV SYSTEM AT THE BRITISH HIGH COMMISSION NAIROBI
Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office · Central government
Incumbent: SECUREX AGENCIES (K) LIMITED
- Published value
- £70k
- Annual run-rate
- £23kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 1 Apr 2026 → 31 Mar 2029 · 2.9 yrs
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-0661d1
- Ends · in 895 days
Evaluation of Cultural Development Fund
The Arts Council of England · Central government · Nationwide (UK)
Incumbent: STEER DAVIES & GLEAVE LIMITED
- Published value
- £69k
- Annual run-rate
- £26kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 6 Aug 2026 → 31 Mar 2029 · 2.6 yrs
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-06f89a
- Ends · in 895 days
Systra purchase of Podaris Software for West Northamptonshire Council
West Northamptonshire Council · Local authority
Incumbent: SYSTRA Limited
- Published value
- £69k
- Annual run-rate
- £23kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 1 Apr 2026 → 31 Mar 2029 · 2.9 yrs
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-067156
- Ends · in 895 days
B&NES: Homelessness Prevention: Low to Medium-Level Mental Health Supported Accommodation (Marlborough Lane)
Bath & North East Somerset Council · Local authority · South West England
Incumbent: Bath Mind
- Published value
- £68k
- Annual run-rate
- £23kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 1 Apr 2026 → 31 Mar 2029 · 2.9 yrs
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-06a7bc
- Ends · in 895 days
On-going maintenance, licences (including accessibility support and plug ins) and content upload for the Real Care Deal website S529373
Norfolk County Council · Local authority
Incumbent: Curators of Change Collective CIC
- Published value
- £68k
- Annual run-rate
- £17kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 1 Apr 2025 → 31 Mar 2029 · 3.9 yrs
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-05d56d
- Ends · in 895 days
NHT Survey 2024 & Membership of the CQC Benchmarking Network
Darlington Borough Council · Local authority · North East England
Incumbent: Building Software Ltd
- Published value
- £68k
- Annual run-rate
- £17kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 1 Apr 2025 → 31 Mar 2029 · 3.9 yrs
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-05d7b5
- Ends · in 895 days
SolarWinds Network Monitoring
The Council of the Borough of Kirklees · Local authority · Yorkshire and the Humber
Incumbent: Loop1 UK Limited
- Published value
- £68k
- Annual run-rate
- £23kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 1 Apr 2026 → 31 Mar 2029 · 2.9 yrs
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-06cf50
- Ends · in 895 days
Harwell Site - Provision of an On-Site Catering Facility
Nuclear Restoration Services Limited · Other public body · South East England
Incumbent: Compass Contract Services Limited
- Published value
- £68k
- Annual run-rate
- £20kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 4 Dec 2025 → 31 Mar 2029 · 3.3 yrs
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-05f687
- Ends · in 895 days
High Level Gutter Clearing
Ipswich Borough Council · Local authority · East of England
Incumbent: Clearview window cleaning servies ltd
- Published value
- £68k
- Annual run-rate
- £28kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 1 Nov 2026 → 31 Mar 2029 · 2.3 yrs
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-0669bd
- Ends · in 895 daysExtension option · up to 31 Mar 2031Buyer plans to re-tender 6 Jan 2031
Service Contract for Kitchen Ventilation Canopy Cleaning
Rhondda Cynon Taf CBC · Other public body · Wales (Cymru)
Incumbent: A J CREWS & CO LIMITED
- Published value
- £68k
- Annual run-rate
- £27kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 1 Oct 2026 → 31 Mar 2029 · 2.5 yrs · up to 31 Mar 2031 with extensions
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-06d476
- Ends · in 895 days
ECC001 - MBC Parks Safety Surface Purchase
Middlesbrough Council · Local authority · North East England
Incumbent: Notts Sport Limited
- Published value
- £67k
- Annual run-rate
- £22kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 1 Apr 2026 → 31 Mar 2029 · 2.9 yrs
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-066373
- Ends · in 895 days
Mutual Aid Facilitation Service
Somerset Council · Local authority · South West England
Incumbent: THE RECOVERY CONSULTANCY LTD
- Published value
- £65k
- Annual run-rate
- £22kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 1 Apr 2026 → 31 Mar 2029 · 2.9 yrs
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-068729
- Ends · in 895 daysExtension option · up to 31 Mar 2030
CasparGov Deputyship and Appointeeship Finance and Case Management
Warrington Borough Council · Local authority · North West England
Incumbent: Trojan Consultants Limited
- Published value
- £65k
- Annual run-rate
- £22kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 1 Apr 2026 → 31 Mar 2029 · 2.9 yrs · up to 31 Mar 2030 with extensions
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-06d820
- Ends · in 895 daysExtension option · up to 31 Mar 2031
Oakmere Extra Care Catering
Cheshire East Council · Local authority · North West England
Incumbent: Jolly's Kafe Ltd
- Published value
- £65k
- Annual run-rate
- £22kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 1 Apr 2026 → 31 Mar 2029 · 2.9 yrs · up to 31 Mar 2031 with extensions
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-052b17
- Ends · in 895 daysExtension option · up to 31 Mar 2031
Willowmere Extra Care Catering
Cheshire East Council · Local authority · North West England
Incumbent: Jolly's Kafe Ltd
- Published value
- £65k
- Annual run-rate
- £22kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 1 Apr 2026 → 31 Mar 2029 · 2.9 yrs · up to 31 Mar 2031 with extensions
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-052b17
- Ends · in 895 daysExtension option · up to 31 Mar 2031
Suicide Prevention Service for Men Over 18 Years of Age
South Tyneside Borough Council · Local authority · North East England
Incumbent: Age Concern Tyneside South
- Published value
- £65k
- Annual run-rate
- £22kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 1 Apr 2026 → 31 Mar 2029 · 2.9 yrs · up to 31 Mar 2031 with extensions
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-05e211
- Ends · in 895 daysExtension option
The Swale - Shellfish Quality Monitoring
Swale Borough Council · Local authority · South East England
Incumbent: Marine Farm Services Limited
- Published value
- £65k
- Annual run-rate
- £22kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 1 Apr 2026 → 31 Mar 2029 · 2.9 yrs
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-05ecca
- Ends · in 895 daysExtension option · up to 31 Mar 2030
Bill Payment Services
London Borough of Brent · Local authority · Nationwide (UK)
Incumbent: HOUSEMARK LIMITED
- Published value
- £64k
- Annual run-rate
- £21kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 2 Apr 2026 → 31 Mar 2029 · 2.9 yrs · up to 31 Mar 2030 with extensions
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-06b4a4
- Ends · in 895 daysExtension option
Manifest Solutions Software
Aspire Housing · Other public body · West Midlands
Incumbent: Manifest Software Solutions Ltd
- Published value
- £64k
- Annual run-rate
- £19kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 5 Nov 2025 → 31 Mar 2029 · 3.3 yrs
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-05e0d6
- Ends · in 895 days
North West Employers Organisation Subscription
Greater Manchester Combined Authority · Local authority · North West England
Incumbent: North West Employers (North Western Local Authorities Employers Organisation)
- Published value
- £62k
- Annual run-rate
- £21kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 1 Apr 2026 → 31 Mar 2029 · 2.9 yrs
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-06eda7
- Ends · in 895 daysExtension option · up to 31 May 2029
ECC (‘Elective Care Centre’) Electrical Connection
Salisbury NHS Foundation Trust · Central government
Incumbent: SOUTHERN ELECTRIC POWER DISTRIBUTION PLC
- Published value
- £62k
- Annual run-rate
- £20kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 12 Feb 2026 → 31 Mar 2029 · 3.1 yrs · up to 31 May 2029 with extensions
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-065f9a
- Ends · in 895 daysExtension option · up to 31 Mar 2031
Daily and Periodic Cleaning Services, Granville Street Birmingham UID 141
Historic England · Central government
Incumbent: Bowdraper Ltd
- Published value
- £62k
- Annual run-rate
- £21kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 1 Apr 2026 → 31 Mar 2029 · 2.9 yrs · up to 31 Mar 2031 with extensions
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-0600ef
- Ends · in 895 days
Maintenance Contract for the Mammography System for Swansea Bay HB
NHS Wales Shared Services Partnership-Procurement Services (hosted by Velindre University NHS Trust) · Central government · Wales (Cymru)
Incumbent: FUJIFILM Healthcare UK Ltd
- Published value
- £62k
- Annual run-rate
- £21kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 1 Apr 2026 → 31 Mar 2029 · 2.9 yrs
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-06608d
- Ends · in 895 daysFramework recordExtension option · up to 31 Mar 2030
Framework for Specialist Planning Advice: Ecology (Sussex area of the South Downs National Park)
South Downs National Park Authority · Other public body · South East England, South West England
Incumbent: SWT Ecology Services Ltd
- Published value
- £62klargest agreement; total ceiling not published
- Annual run-rate
- —vehicle-linked value, not a run-rate
- Term
- 1 Apr 2026 → 31 Mar 2029 · 2.9 yrs · up to 31 Mar 2030 with extensions
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-05e74a
- Ends · in 895 days
Labgnostic license for National Pathology Exchange (NPEX)
The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust · Central government · North East England, North West England, Yorkshire and the Humber, East Midlands, West Midlands, East of England
Incumbent: X-Lab Limited
- Published value
- £61k
- Annual run-rate
- £20kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 1 Apr 2026 → 31 Mar 2029 · 2.9 yrs
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-0615ea
- Ends · in 895 days
MAINTENANCE & CORRECTIVE SERVICE OF FREEDOM EVO
Cardiff and Vale University Health Board · Central government · Wales (Cymru)
Incumbent: Tecan UK Limited
- Published value
- £60k
- Annual run-rate
- £20kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 1 Apr 2026 → 31 Mar 2029 · 2.9 yrs
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-0657b3
- Ends · in 895 daysExtension option · up to 31 May 2029
Political monitoring services
Nuclear Decommissioning Authority · Central government
Incumbent: DODS GROUP LIMITED
- Published value
- £60k
- Annual run-rate
- £16kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 1 Jun 2025 → 31 Mar 2029 · 3.8 yrs · up to 31 May 2029 with extensions
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-04fa3d
- Ends · in 895 days
Loss Adjusting services on Property Insurance Claims
London Borough of Enfield · Local authority · Greater London
Incumbent: McLarens
- Published value
- £60k
- Annual run-rate
- £15kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 1 May 2025 → 31 Mar 2029 · 3.9 yrs
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-05d282
- Ends · in 895 daysExtension option · up to 31 Mar 2031
EEAST - Planned and Reactive UPS Systems Maintenance (250903)
East of England Ambulance Service NHS Trust · Central government · East of England
Incumbent: Riello UPS Ltd
- Published value
- £60k
- Annual run-rate
- £20kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 1 Apr 2026 → 31 Mar 2029 · 2.9 yrs · up to 31 Mar 2031 with extensions
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-06030d
- Ends · in 895 days
Fostering and Adoption Adult Health Assessments
North Tyneside Borough Council · Local authority · North East England
Incumbent: Every Medical Ltd
- Published value
- £60k
- Annual run-rate
- £22kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 9 Jul 2026 → 31 Mar 2029 · 2.7 yrs
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-064d1b
- Ends · in 895 days
Lot 1 - An offender (someone who is serving a community service) or ex-offender (someone who has completed a custodial or community sentence)
Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council · Local authority · Nationwide (UK)
Incumbent: Novus - Transforming Lives Limited
- Published value
- £60kinc. VAT as published
- Annual run-rate
- £21kpublished value ÷ term, inc. VAT
- Term
- 3 Jun 2026 → 31 Mar 2029 · 2.8 yrs
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-065304
- Ends · in 895 days
A person at risk of becoming or who is currently homeless
Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council · Local authority · Nationwide (UK)
Incumbent: South Yorkshire Housing Association Ltd
- Published value
- £60kinc. VAT as published
- Annual run-rate
- £21kpublished value ÷ term, inc. VAT
- Term
- 9 Jun 2026 → 31 Mar 2029 · 2.8 yrs
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-065304
- Ends · in 895 days
RAMIS Compliance Portal License
Rhondda Cynon Taf CBC · Other public body · Wales (Cymru)
Incumbent: Riskmonitor Ltd
- Published value
- £60k
- Annual run-rate
- £20kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 1 Apr 2026 → 31 Mar 2029 · 2.9 yrs
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-067147
- Ends · in 895 daysExtension option
Occupational Health Doctor Service
Darlington Borough Council · Local authority · North East England
Incumbent: Durham County Council
- Published value
- £60k
- Annual run-rate
- £20kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 1 Apr 2026 → 31 Mar 2029 · 2.9 yrs
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-067e8b
- Ends · in 895 days
Road Lining Works 2026 - 2029
Dover District Council · Local authority
Incumbent: Archway Highway Services Ltd
- Published value
- £60k
- Annual run-rate
- £20kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 1 Apr 2026 → 31 Mar 2029 · 2.9 yrs
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-06898e
- Ends · in 895 days
Patient Pass Annual License
Mersey and West Lancashire Teaching Hospital NHS Trust · Central government · North West England
Incumbent: PATIENT PASS LIMITED
- Published value
- £60k
- Annual run-rate
- £20kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 1 Apr 2026 → 31 Mar 2029 · 2.9 yrs
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-06a114
- Ends · in 895 days
Lifestyle Medicine Bristol Project
Great Western Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust · Central government
Incumbent: Dorothy House Hospice Care
- Published value
- £60k
- Annual run-rate
- £20kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 1 Apr 2026 → 31 Mar 2029 · 2.9 yrs
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-06c2de
- Ends · in 895 daysExtension option · up to 31 Mar 2031
Broker Services for Private Medical and Dental Insurance and Employee Assistance Programme
Rail Safety Standards Board (RSSB) · Other public body · Greater London
Incumbent: Isio Group Ltd
- Published value
- £59k
- Annual run-rate
- £21kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 1 Jun 2026 → 31 Mar 2029 · 2.8 yrs · up to 31 Mar 2031 with extensions
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-06a9d8
- Ends · in 895 days
Care Opinion Subscriptiion
United Lincolnshire Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust · Central government
Incumbent: Care Opinion CIC
- Published value
- £59k
- Annual run-rate
- £20kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 1 Apr 2026 → 31 Mar 2029 · 2.9 yrs
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-067e2c
- Ends · in 895 days
PNLD Subscription
Police And Crime Commissioner For Durham · Police & fire
Incumbent: WEST YORKSHIRE POICE
- Published value
- £59k
- Annual run-rate
- £20kpublished value ÷ term, exc. VAT
- Term
- 1 Apr 2026 → 31 Mar 2029 · 2.9 yrs
- Reference
ocds-h6vhtk-066500
When contracts end i
When contracts here run out.
Published contracts by their end date. No end date, not counted.
An end date does not confirm a new procurement.
i
When contracts here run out.
Published contracts by their end date. No end date, not counted.
An end date does not confirm a new procurement.
25,282 commercial units end within 24 months, 37,150 in total · £95bn published GBP values end in the all future end dates, exc. VAT; vehicle-linked values, concession values and other ceiling-like amounts are excluded, so this is not a spend forecast.
By sector, all future end dates i
When contracts here run out.
Published contracts by their end date. No end date, not counted.
An end date does not confirm a new procurement.
i
When contracts here run out.
Published contracts by their end date. No end date, not counted.
An end date does not confirm a new procurement.
CPV division of the procedure; a contract with several divisions counts in each.
85Health and social work services2,18760Transport services (except waste transport)1,25180Education and training services56933Medical equipments, pharmaceuticals45879Business services: law, marketing, consulting43090Sewage, refuse, cleaning and environmental42250Repair and maintenance services32772IT services: consulting, software, internet259
How to read the radar
- End date is the contract period end the buyer published on the notice. Contracts without an end date are not on the radar; neither are contracts the buyer cancelled or terminated early.
- Extension option means the notice publishes a renewal or option clause; the buyer may extend. Hiding these rows shows contracts without a published option, but does not establish that the buyer will procure them again.
- Incumbent is the supplier named on the award behind the contract. A panel (several suppliers on one award) is shown as a panel; no single incumbent is invented.
- Annual run-rate = published GBP value ÷ published term for a single supplier and a term of six months or more. Vehicle-linked values have no run-rate until their commercial role is verified. The annual sort ranks comparable values excluding VAT first; gross-only values remain visible on their rows. This is not actual annual spend.
- Counts are exact for the time-horizon and sector filters. A parent framework or DPS counts once; call-offs published by other buyers count separately. Where the parent cannot be identified, agreements stay separate and are marked as vehicle-linked; check the source notice before treating their date or value as a single contract fact. With other filters, a result above 1,000 units shows as “1,000+”.
- Source. Official UK procurement notices, reused under the Open Government Licence v3.0; the radar is rebuilt nightly. How we count: methodology.